ABSTRACT
The coeliac trunk is the branch of the abdominal aorta at the level of the twelfth thoracic vertebra. Its branches namely left gastric, common hepatic and splenic arteries supply the primary organs of the supracolic abdominal compartment namely the stomach, pancreas, spleen and liver. In this article, we report case series of three cases in male cadavers aged 65yrs, 60yrs and 70yrs respectively in the Department of Anatomy, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences and MVJ Medical College and Research Institute wherein we discovered that the branching pattern of the coeliac trunk varied from the usual pattern, thus the specimens were photographed to understand further. The observation of first case, common trunk from abdominal aorta showed common hepatic and superior mesenteric artery and left gastric and splenic artery aroused as another common trunk from abdominal aorta. The second case showed the superior mesenteric artery arising from coeliac trunk and the third case was observed the inferior phrenic arteries were arising from coeliac trunk. Knowledge of this variable anatomy may be useful in planning and executing surgical or radiological interventions.
ABSTRACT
Background: Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix is the most common subtype of cervical cancer and it usually accounts for 80-90% of the cases. These carcinomas mostly grow at the squamocolumnar junction (SCJ). The tumour tends to grow outward showing an exophytic growth especially at the squamocolumnar junction outside the external uterine wall whereas cancer tends to grow along the cervical canal showing an endophytic growth pattern where the SCJ is located within the cervical canal. This study has experimentally shown the role of AgNOR and Ki-67 scores in tumour proliferation. Methods: Cervical specimens were obtained and prepared in a specified fashion as described. The samples were de-waxed and staining was done with AgNOR. Then, the AgNOR was counted and scoring was done. Again, the samples were also stained with Ki-67. Results: This study has included 235 cases from the Department of Pathology of Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College, Kanpur, India. The mean value of AgNOR count in the Control group came to be 10.62�45 while the mean AgNOR count was found to be 10.62�45, 15.10�79, 18.39�67, 19.75�74 and 19.59�59 for in-Situ SCC, well-differentiated SCC, moderately differentiated SCC, poorly differentiated SCC, SCC with basaloid differentiation, respectively. Conclusion: The study confirmed that AgNOR count increases with a higher grade of malignancy. It was concluded that AgNOR and Ki-67 scores can be used as an efficient predictor of tumour proliferation.
ABSTRACT
Breast carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor and the leading cause of carcinoma death in women. With an annual incidence of approximately 1, 44,000 new cases of breast cancers in India, it has now become the most common female cancer in urban India and the second commonest in the rural Indian women. Nottingham applied histological grading system,and Robinson applied cytological grading system, which are one of the established methodologies to determine the histological and cytological grade of the tumor. By using these prognostic factors from pathological reports, the prognosis of the patient can be estimated individually. Aim: To analyze cytological and histological grading and their correlation along with tumor size and lymphnode status in breast carcinomas and its prognostic importance. Methods: All patients presenting with palpable breast lesions were subjected to an FNAC procedure after a detailed history, general physical and local examination. After performing fine needle aspiration diagnosis of various breast lesions were made on the basis of morphological and cytological findings and cytological grading for the malignant breast lesions was done. It was followed by excision biopsy, mastectomy, and cytohistological comparison was done to assess the efficiency and accuracy of cytological grading done after fine needle aspiration. Results: The most common type found in study was Ductal carcinoma (not otherwise specified) seen in 95.2% cases. The maximum no. of cases i.e. 36 (44.45%) were found in upper outer quadrant. all patients (100%) presented with complaint of lump in the breast. On assessing all 6 features, the maximum number of cases were in grade- II i.e. 48 (59.3%). A significant agreement was seen between cytological and histological grades. Conclusion: Assigning a cytological grade of breast carcinoma aspirates can be done with little effort, is reproducible and with rare exceptions depending on sample limitations correlates precisely with the histological grade. The tumor grading can be used as a very good prognostic and predictive marker for breast carcinomas.
ABSTRACT
Anatomical variations involving the brachial plexus are not uncommon. Abnormal communications among thebranches of musculocutaneous nerve especially those involving the posterior division are widely reported dueto their significance in various surgical procedures performed in this region. During the routine gross anatomicaldissection, we observed the bilateral absence of musculocutaneous nerve in two male cadavers aged 60 and 65years and the muscles of anterior compartment of arm were innervated by the braches from the Median nerve. Incase 1, it was observed that in the right and left arm, branches from the median nerve supplied the muscles of theanterior compartment namely the coracobrachialis, biceps brachii and brachialis. The branch which innervatedthe brachialis muscle later continued as lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm. In case 2, Absence of MCN observedbilaterally wherein right arm, wherein, a single branch from median nerve supplied the coracobrachialis muscle.Another branch from the median nerve, after passing through the lower end of coracobrachialis, divided into anoblique and a vertical branch which supplied the biceps brachii and brachialis respectively. These anatomicalvariations in the course of musculocutaneous and median nerve should be considered during surgical proceduresand while performing nerve conduction studies.